[kernel] Fix frame allocation for multiple pages

There was an inverted boolean logic in determining how many consecutive
pages were available.

Also adding some memory debugging tools I added to track down the recent
memory bugs:

- A direct debugcon::write call, for logging to the debugcon without the
  possible page faults with the logger.
- A new vm_space::lock call, to make a page not fillable in memory
  debugging mode
- A mode in heap_allocator to always alloc new pages, and lock freed
  pages to cause page faults for use-after-free bugs.
- Logging in kobject on creation and deletion
- Page table cache structs are now page-sized for easy pointer math

src/kernel/debugcon.cpp

@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ namespace {
     }
 } // anon namespace
 
+void
+write(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    char buffer[256];
+
+    va_list va;
+    va_start(va, fmt);
+    size_t n = util::vformat({buffer, sizeof(buffer)}, fmt, va);
+    va_end(va);
+
+    debug_out(buffer, n);
+    debug_out("\r\n", 2);
+}
+
 void
 output(j6_log_entry *entry)
 {

src/kernel/debugcon.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ static constexpr bool enable =
 static constexpr uint16_t port = 0x6600;
 
 void logger_task();
+void write(const char *fmt, ...);
 
 inline void
 init_logger()

src/kernel/frame_allocator.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <bootproto/kernel.h>
 
 #include "assert.h"
+#include "debugcon.h"
 #include "frame_allocator.h"
 #include "logger.h"
 #include "memory.h"
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ frame_allocator::allocate(size_t count, uintptr_t *address)
         unsigned frame = (o1 << 12) + (o2 << 6) + o3;
 
         // See how many contiguous pages are here
-        unsigned n = bsf(~m3 >> o3);
+        unsigned n = bsf(~(m3 >> o3));
         if (n > count)
             n = count;
 
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ frame_allocator::allocate(size_t count, uintptr_t *address)
             }
         }
 
+        //debugcon::write("Allocated %2d frames at %016lx - %016lx", n, *address, *address + n * frame_size);
         return n;
     }
 
@@ -88,6 +90,8 @@ frame_allocator::free(uintptr_t address, size_t count)
     if (!count)
         return;
 
+    //debugcon::write("Freeing   %2d frames at %016lx - %016lx", count, address, address + count * frame_size);
+
     for (long i = 0; i < m_count; ++i) {
         frame_block &block = m_blocks[i];
         uintptr_t end = block.base + block.count * frame_size;

src/kernel/heap_allocator.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include "assert.h"
 #include "heap_allocator.h"
 #include "memory.h"
+#include "objects/vm_area.h"
+#include "vm_space.h"
 
 uint32_t & get_map_key(heap_allocator::block_info &info) { return info.offset; }
 
@@ -46,7 +48,6 @@ heap_allocator::heap_allocator(uintptr_t start, size_t size, uintptr_t heapmap)
     m_maxsize {size},
     m_allocated_size {0},
     m_map (reinterpret_cast<block_info*>(heapmap), 512)
-
 {
     memset(m_free, 0, sizeof(m_free));
 }
@@ -57,6 +58,11 @@ heap_allocator::allocate(size_t length)
     if (length == 0)
         return nullptr;
 
+    static constexpr unsigned min_order =
+        __debug_heap_allocation ?
+            12 : // allocating full pages in debug mode
+            heap_allocator::min_order;
+
     unsigned order = util::log2(length);
     if (order < min_order)
         order = min_order;
@@ -98,6 +104,15 @@ heap_allocator::free(void *p)
     size_t size = (1ull << info->order);
     m_allocated_size -= size;
 
+    if constexpr (__debug_heap_allocation) {
+        extern obj::vm_area_untracked &g_kernel_heap_area;
+
+        size_t offset = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) - mem::heap_offset;
+        size_t pages = mem::bytes_to_pages(size);
+        vm_space::kernel_space().lock(g_kernel_heap_area, offset, pages);
+        return;
+    }
+
     block->clear(info->order);
     block = merge_block(block);
     register_free_block(block, block->order);

src/kernel/heap_allocator.h

@@ -34,8 +34,9 @@ public:
     /// allocation with the contents copied over.
     void * reallocate(void *p, size_t old_length, size_t new_length);
 
-    /// Minimum block size is (2^min_order). Must be at least 6.
+    /// Minimum block size is (2^min_order). Must be at least 5 in
-    static const unsigned min_order = 6;  // 2^6  == 64 B
+    /// order to hold a free_header.
+    static const unsigned min_order = 5;    // 2^5  == 32 B
 
     /// Maximum block size is (2^max_order). Must be less than 32 + min_order.
     static const unsigned max_order = 22; // 2^22 ==  4 MiB

src/kernel/memory.h.cog

@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ constexpr uintptr_t page_align_up(uintptr_t a) { return page_align_down(a-1) + f
 void initialize(bootproto::args &args);
 
 } // namespace mem
+
+static constexpr bool __debug_heap_allocation = false;
+

src/kernel/objects/kobject.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <j6/types.h>
 
 #include "assert.h"
+#include "logger.h"
 #include "objects/kobject.h"
 #include "objects/thread.h"
 
@@ -14,6 +15,13 @@ static uint32_t next_oids [types_count] = { 0 };
 static_assert(types_count <= (1 << kobject::koid_type_bits),
         "kobject::koid_type_bits cannot represent all kobject types");
 
+static const char *type_names[] = {
+#define OBJECT_TYPE( name, val ) #name ,
+#include <j6/tables/object_types.inc>
+#undef OBJECT_TYPE
+    nullptr
+};
+
 static uint32_t
 oid_generate(kobject::type t)
 {
@@ -26,13 +34,25 @@ kobject::kobject(type t) :
     m_handle_count {0},
     m_type {t},
     m_obj_id {oid_generate(t)}
-{}
+{
+    log::spam(logs::objs, "%s[%02lx] created @ 0x%lx", type_name(m_type), m_obj_id, this);
+}
 
-kobject::~kobject() {}
+kobject::~kobject()
+{
+    log::spam(logs::objs, "%s[%02lx] deleted", type_name(m_type), m_obj_id);
+}
+
+const char *
+kobject::type_name(type t)
+{
+    return type_names[static_cast<int>(t)];
+}
 
 void
 kobject::on_no_handles()
 {
+    log::verbose(logs::objs, "Deleting %s[%02lx] on no handles", type_name(m_type), m_obj_id);
     delete this;
 }
 

src/kernel/objects/kobject.h

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ public:
         return static_cast<type>((koid >> koid_type_shift) & koid_type_mask);
     }
 
+    static const char * type_name(type t);
+
     /// Get this object's type
     inline type get_type() const { return m_type; }
 

src/kernel/page_table.cpp

@@ -171,7 +171,13 @@ page_table::set(int i, page_table *p, uint16_t flags)
         (flags & 0xfff);
 }
 
-struct free_page_header { free_page_header *next; };
+struct free_page_header
+{
+    free_page_header *next;
+
+    static constexpr size_t x_count = (frame_size - sizeof(next)) / sizeof(uint64_t);
+    uint64_t x [x_count];
+};
 
 page_table *
 page_table::get_table_page()
@@ -213,18 +219,14 @@ page_table::fill_table_page_cache()
     uintptr_t phys = 0;
     size_t n = fa.allocate(request_pages, &phys);
 
-    free_page_header *start =
+    free_page_header *pages =
         mem::to_virtual<free_page_header>(phys);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
+    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
-        util::offset_pointer(start, i * frame_size)
+        pages[i].next = &pages[i + 1];
-            ->next = util::offset_pointer(start, (i+1) * frame_size);
+    }
-
+    pages[n - 1].next = s_page_cache;
-    free_page_header *end =
+    s_page_cache = pages;
-        util::offset_pointer(start, (n-1) * frame_size);
-
-    end->next = s_page_cache;
-    s_page_cache = start;
 }
 
 void

src/kernel/vm_space.cpp

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 using obj::vm_flags;
 
 // The initial memory for the array of areas for the kernel space
-constexpr size_t num_kernel_areas = 8;
+static constexpr size_t num_kernel_areas = 8;
 static uint64_t kernel_areas[num_kernel_areas * 2];
 
+static constexpr uint64_t locked_page_tag = 0xbadfe11a;
+
 int
 vm_space::area::compare(const vm_space::area &o) const
 {
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ vm_space::can_resize(const obj::vm_area &vma, size_t size) const
 {
     uintptr_t base = 0;
     unsigned n = m_areas.count();
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < n - 1; ++i) {
         const area &prev = m_areas[i - 1];
         if (prev.area != &vma)
             continue;
@@ -251,6 +253,38 @@ vm_space::clear(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset, size_t count, bool fr
         fa.free(free_start, free_count);
 }
 
+void
+vm_space::lock(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset, size_t count)
+{
+    using mem::frame_size;
+    util::scoped_lock lock {m_lock};
+
+    uintptr_t base = 0;
+    if (!find_vma(vma, base))
+        return;
+
+    uintptr_t addr = base + offset;
+
+    frame_allocator &fa = frame_allocator::get();
+    page_table::iterator it {addr, m_pml4};
+
+    while (count--) {
+        uint64_t &e = it.entry(page_table::level::pt);
+        uintptr_t phys = e & ~0xfffull;
+
+        if (e & page_table::flag::present) {
+            uint64_t orig = e;
+            e = locked_page_tag;
+            if (orig & page_table::flag::accessed) {
+                auto *addr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(it.vaddress());
+                asm ( "invlpg %0" :: "m"(*addr) : "memory" );
+            }
+            fa.free(phys, 1);
+        }
+        ++it;
+    }
+}
+
 uintptr_t
 vm_space::lookup(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset)
 {
@@ -298,6 +332,14 @@ vm_space::handle_fault(uintptr_t addr, fault_type fault)
     if (!area)
         return false;
 
+    if constexpr (__debug_heap_allocation) {
+        page_table::iterator it {addr, m_pml4};
+        uint64_t &e = it.entry(page_table::level::pt);
+        kassert(e != locked_page_tag, "Use-after-free");
+        if (e == locked_page_tag)
+            return false;
+    }
+
     uintptr_t offset = page - base;
     uintptr_t phys_page = 0;
     if (!area->get_page(offset, phys_page))

src/kernel/vm_space.h

@@ -65,7 +65,14 @@ public:
     /// \arg offset Offset of the starting virutal address from the VMA base
     /// \arg count  The number of pages worth of mappings to clear
     /// \arg free   If true, free the pages back to the system
-    void clear(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t start, size_t count, bool free = false);
+    void clear(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset, size_t count, bool free = false);
+
+    /// Clear mappings from the given region, and mark it as locked. Used for
+    /// debugging heap allocation reuse.
+    /// \arg area   The VMA these mappings applies to
+    /// \arg offset Offset of the starting virutal address from the VMA base
+    /// \arg count  The number of pages worth of mappings to clear
+    void lock(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset, size_t count);
 
     /// Look up the address of a given VMA's offset
     uintptr_t lookup(const obj::vm_area &vma, uintptr_t offset);