[kernel] Start all other processors in the system

This very large commit is mainly focused on getting the APs started and
to a state where they're waiting to have work scheduled. (Actually
scheduling on them is for another commit.)

To do this, a bunch of major changes were needed:

- Moving a lot of the CPU initialization (including for the BSP) to
  init_cpu(). This includes setting up IST stacks, writing MSRs, and
  creating the cpu_data structure. For the APs, this also creates and
  installs the GDT and TSS, and installs the global IDT.

- Creating the AP startup code, which tries to be as position
  independent as possible. It's copied from its location to 0x8000 for
  AP startup, and some of it is fixed at that address. The AP startup
  code jumps from real mode to long mode with paging in one swell foop.

- Adding limited IPI capability to the lapic class. This will need to
  improve.

- Renaming cpu/cpu.* to cpu/cpu_id.* because it was just annoying in GDB
  and really isn't anything but cpu_id anymore.

- Moved all the GDT, TSS, and IDT code into their own files and made
  them classes instead of a mess of free functions.

- Got rid of bsp_cpu_data everywhere. Now always call the new
  current_cpu() to get the current CPU's cpu_data.

- Device manager keeps a list of APIC ids now. This should go somewhere
  else eventually, device_manager needs to be refactored away.

- Moved some more things (notably the g_kernel_stacks vma) to the
  pre-constructor setup in memory_bootstrap. That whole file is in bad
  need of a refactor.

src/kernel/scheduler.h

@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@ namespace args {
 	struct program;
 }}
 
+struct cpu_data;
 class lapic;
 class process;
 struct page_table;
-struct cpu_state;
-
-extern "C" void isr_handler(cpu_state*);
-extern "C" void task_switch(TCB *next);
 
 
 /// The task scheduler
@@ -42,8 +39,8 @@ public:
 	static const uint16_t process_quanta = 10;
 
 	/// Constructor.
-	/// \arg apic  Pointer to the local APIC object
-	scheduler(lapic *apic);
+	/// \arg apic  The local APIC object for this CPU
+	scheduler(lapic &apic);
 
 	/// Create a new process from a program image in memory.
 	/// \arg program  The descriptor of the pogram in memory
@@ -82,7 +79,6 @@ public:
 	static scheduler & get() { return *s_instance; }
 
 private:
-	friend uintptr_t syscall_dispatch(uintptr_t, cpu_state &);
 	friend class process;
 
 	static constexpr uint64_t promote_frequency = 10;
@@ -96,7 +92,7 @@ private:
 	void prune(uint64_t now);
 	void check_promotions(uint64_t now);
 
-	lapic *m_apic;
+	lapic &m_apic;
 
 	uint32_t m_next_pid;
 	uint32_t m_tick_count;